![]() Active particles are persistent random walkers, which when dilute form a homogeneous isotropic gas. The current paradigm for flocking physics is the following. ![]() From a physicist’s perspective, these various systems are considered as different instances of polar active matter, which encompasses any ensemble of motile bodies endowed with local velocity–alignment interactions. This idea has been supported by quantitative trajectory analysis in animal groups 5, 6, 7, together with a vast number of numerical and theoretical models 3, 4, and more recently by the observations of flocking behaviour in ensembles of non-living motile particles such as shaken grains, active colloids, and mixtures of biofilaments and molecular motors 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 1, physicists, mathematicians and biologists have contemplated the self-organization of living-organism groups into flocks as an emergent process stemming from simple interaction rules at the individual level 2, 3, 4. Building upon the pioneering work of Vicsek et al.
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